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Abu-Hijleh, S F (1991) A model for variance-based exception reporting with user-defined criteria, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Al-Bahar, J F (1988) Risk management in construction projects: A systematic analytical approach for contractors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Al-Tubayyeb, S A (1989) Improving construction contract administration utilizing multiattribute statistical analysis on bid stage information, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Alarcon-Cardenas, L F (1992) Project performance modeling: A methodology for evaluating project execution strategies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Alves, T d C L (2005) Buffering practices in HVAC ductwork supply chains, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Arroyo, P (2014) Exploring decision-making methods for sustainable design in commercial buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Aviram Traubita, A (2009) Structural response and cost characterization of bridge construction using seismic performance enhancement strategies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Bascoul, A M (2017) Managing project structural complexity by integrating facility management in planning, designing, and execution of high-end facility upgrades, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Benne, B C (2005) Managing AEC project organizations at the edge of chaos: An analysis of AEC projects' adaptive capacity from a living systems perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Blampied, N B (2018) Parametric functions for conceptual and feasibility estimating in public highway project portfolios, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Boysen, J (1982) Aggregate project model for resource allocation within multiproject construction systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Bruni, M (1981) Business cycles and seasonality in the Italian construction sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Chen, C (2015) A proactive approach for change management and control on construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Cho, S K (2011) The relation between lean construction and performance in the Korean construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Choi, K (2008) A new decision-support model for innovative contracting strategies through a quantitative analysis on aspects of project performance, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Choo, H J (2003) Distributed planning and coordination to support lean construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Cuff, D C (1982) Negotiating architecture: a study of architects and clients in design practice, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Derrington, P A (1981) Controlling the quality of professional performance in architectural practice, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

El-Sersy, A H E (1992) An intelligent data model for schedule updating, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Elfving, J A (2003) Exploration of opportunities to reduce lead times for engineered-to-order products, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Elvin, G A (1998) A process model for integrated design and construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Feng, P P-Y (2009) Causes and effects of rework on the delivery of healthcare facilities in California, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Frandson, A (2019) Takt time planning as a work structuring method to improve construction work flow, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

• Type: Thesis
• Keywords: construction activities; coordination; communication; decision making; integration; project planning; risk management; architects; owner; case studies; case study; interview
• ISBN/ISSN:
• URL: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2315587593
• Abstract:
  Work structuring is critical to project production system design because it helps to define who is doing what work, when, what the handoffs are, how they are doing the work, how long it will take, which buffers are required, and what construction work should flow continuously without time buffers. Takt time planning is a work structuring method that aims to achieve the lean principle of continuous flow. Successful Takt time planning on a construction site results in trades working on activities at the same rate to release work areas at standardized times. Current planning practices in construction fail to account for continuous flow for trade activities. This phenomenon has several causes: complexity of design, focusing on productivity maximization, contracting methods, lack of production system design, lack of resources, lack of a method to follow, and tradition. The objective of this research is to develop a method for Takt time planning and improve understanding of work structuring for all construction phases in repetitive and non-repetitive construction. To meet the objective, the research will focus on non-repetitive interior construction because if a method of Takt time planning is effective there, it follows that the method can also work for construction phases in which the work is less complex and more repetitive. In order to show that the method is effective, the research must a) identify barriers to structuring work for continuous flow in interior construction, the most challenging phase, and how those barriers are overcome, and b) demonstrate the effectiveness of the method regarding project performance, time, cost, reliability, and resource utilization. Continuous flow requires and releases workspace for trade activities at even intervals. An activity, defined as a combined set of smaller tasks, is repetitive in that it has the same installation duration for the same activity in every location. The actual work contents within the tasks themselves may be non-repetitive. The distribution in work contents is defined as the work density. This research focuses on the duration of each activity given a set of constraints: work method (e.g., offsite prefabrication versus on-site stick building), crew size, methods and tools for performing elemental tasks, etc. This dissertation is structured as follows: an introduction to the topic and explanation of the intended contribution, a review of the relevant literature, and a description of the research method. The dissertation continues with a description of the instance of Takt time planning that motivated this research, followed by three case studies and a discrete event simulation to model key elements observed in the case studies. The research concludes with a proposed framework for Takt time planning, a discussion section, and conclusions with recommendations for future research. This research uses design science (in particular, case study research) and simulation to accomplish the objective and answer the research questions. Each case study instantiates the Takt time planning method for different types of work, different phases of work, and with different team members to understand the current state of the project, test the method in different conditions, and advance production theory. Case Study 1 examines the development and execution of a Takt time plan during interior construction of a 7,000 ft2 urgent care unit at an existing hospital. The average percent planned complete (PPC) during the overhead MEP phase was 95% and the average PPC during the inwall MEP installation phase was 85%. Results from the overhead MEP phase of construction showed that structuring the work around continuous flow through small areas helped expose production problems and allowed the construction activities to improve upon the initial contract schedule duration by 12 days on a 44-day schedule (27% improvement). The inwall MEP installation phase of construction improved upon the contract schedule duration by 8 days on a 37-day schedule (24% improvement). The project concluded with trade artners earning a bonus, in addition to their full contractual profit. Case Study 2 used Takt time planning to build the interiors of a two-story, 26-bed 19,000 ft2 psychiatric care facility. The project team used Takt time planning during two phases of the project with varying Takt times, spaces, team members, and work structuring constraints. The project finished with a 65% PPC and was delivered three months after the contractual completion milestone. Though the project did not complete on time, the project was a good case study for Takt time, as it provided valuable lessons on the method and application of Takt time that this dissertation discusses. Case Study 3 focused on how Takt time developed in planning the production of the interior construction of a medical office building. The project is a two-story build out at an existing wood-framed, 14,000 ft2 facility. The project was delivered with a GMP general contract and hard-bid subcontracts. This presented an opportunity to test Takt time planning in a new environment with a team unfamiliar with Lean Project Delivery practices. The project team used Takt time planning during three phases (overhead MEP rough-in, inwall MEP rough-in, and above ceiling close-up), completed successfully on time with an average PPC of 76%, and consumed 23% of its planned overtime budget, saving 20 days of Saturday work on a 144-day schedule. The discrete event simulation demonstrates three work structuring methods: Takt time planning, a CPM schedule allowing early starts, and a location-based approach using time buffers. Each method has four trades working through four zones, in the same order, with finish-to-start network logic. The Takt time planning method resulted in faster completions with less variability in the completion time. If the daily indirect costs multiplied by the difference in completion times exceed the costs of the capacity buffer, then Takt time planning is the preferred method on cost and time. However, if the work is not being made ready, then the capacity buffer quickly becomes a cost sink to the project, and time buffers are preferred. The contributions from achieving the research objective are fourfold. (1) A tested method of work structuring for continuous flow in interior construction, called Takt time planning. The method requires a paradigm shift from scheduling with 100% utilization of crews with buffers in time, to using capacity buffers to accommodate variation and produce reliable, timely handoffs. (2) Contributions to knowledge on the challenges of designing continuous flow into interior construction. (3) A simulation providing new insight into the trade-offs of using capacity buffers versus time buffers in work structuring on the overall project cost. (4) Questions for future research for Takt time planning in practice and for simulation.

Galanis, P (2014) Probabilistic methods to identify seismically hazardous older-type concrete frame buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Gil, N A P d A P (2001) Product-process development simulation to support specialty contractor involvement in early design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Hamzeh, F R (2009) Improving construction workflow: The role of production planning and control, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Hitchcock, R J (1996) Improving life-cycle information management through documentation of project objectives and design rationale, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Huang, Y-L (1995) Project and policy analysis of build-operate-transfer infrastructure development, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Ibbs, C W J (1980) Risk, complex decision-making and the application of multiattribute utility analysis in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Jabbari, A (2020) Project planning algorithms: Lowering cost and improving delivery time in capital projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Jackson, R M (1981) A right to a job: A sociological history of carpentry and printing craft labor markets in the United States, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Kardon, J B (2003) The standard of care of structural engineers, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Kartman, S A (1995) Reengineering construction planning systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Kim, Y-W (2002) The implications of a new production paradigm for project cost control, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Kuprenas, J A (1988) Use of influence diagrams to assess the cost and schedule impact of construction changes, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Lee, E B (2000) Constructability and productivity analysis for long life pavement rehabilitation strategies (LLPRS), Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Lee, H W (2012) Application of target value design to energy efficiency investments, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Lee, S (2007) Understanding and quantifying the impact of changes on construction labor productivity: Integration of productivity factors and quantification methods, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Levinson, D M (1998) On whom the toll falls: A model of network financing, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Liu, M (2007) Work flow variability and labor productivity loss for construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Milberg, C T (2006) Application of tolerance management to civil systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Parrish, K D (2009) Applying a set-based design approach to reinforcing steel design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Peri, C A (2003) Impact of media on spatial communication: From paper to collaborative virtual environments, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Prozzi, J A (2001) Modeling pavement performance by combining field and experimental data, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Songer, A D (1992) Toward an improved understanding of public sector design-build planning, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Tsao, C C Y (2005) Use of work structuring to increase performance of project-based production systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Tuholski, S J (2008) Transformation, flow, and value constellations in AEC projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

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Vieira, P M d S (2007) Environmental assessment of office buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Viljoen, P S (1981) Incentive management techniques for pavement rehabilitation construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Whelton, M G (2004) The development of purpose in the project definition phase of construction projects: Implications for project management, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.

Wong, J-M (2008) Extending performance-based design methods by applying structural engineering design patterns, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of California, Berkeley.